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Mohsova stupnice tvrdosti

Absolutní tvrdost

Tvrdost Vickers HV

Tvrdost Brinell HB

Mastek

1

1

2,4

2,3

Sádrovec

2

2

36

34

Kalcit

3

9

109

105

Fluorit

4

21

189

180

Apatit

5

48

536

510

Živec

6

72

795

760

Křemen

7

100

1 120

1 060

Topas

8

200

1 427

1 360

Korund

9

400

2 060

1 960

Diamant

10

1 500

10 060

9 560

 

V tabulce jsou pro jednotlivé nerosty doplněny i údaje o absolutní tvrdosti a orientační údaje o tvrdosti podle Vickerse a Brinella. Z tabulky plyne, že průbojná střela o tvrdosti 250 HB leží svou tvrdostí mezi fluoritem a apatitem. Z hlediska posuzování tvrdosti průbojné střely je významná i tvrdost překážky, jíž má střela proniknout. Obecně platí, že šance střely na pronik překážkou výrazně klesají, má-li překážka vyšší tvrdost, než střela, resp. její nejtvrdší část. U ocelových pancířů dosahují tvrdosti hodnot od 380 HB (válcovaná ocel RHA) do 600 HB (materiály s vysokou tvrdostí). Např. švédské nízkolegované vysokopevnostní pancéřové oceli ARMOX jsou dodávány v tvrdostech 500 až 600 HB (ARMOX 500 a ARMOX 600). Obdobné vlastnosti má i levnější švédská otěruvzdorná ocel s vysokou tvrdostí HARDOX v řadách 400, 450, 500 a 600 (číslo indexu opět odpovídá zaručené střední tvrdosti podle Brinella). Je tedy zřejmé, že české průbojné střely s tvrdostí 250 HB jsou ve srovnání s těmito materiály, které svou tvrdostí výrazně převyšují běžné konstrukční oceli, poněkud měkké.  

Průbojnost střely na dané překážce však není dána pouze její tvrdostí, ale zejména dopadovou energií. V minulých letech byly provedeny experimenty zaměřené na hodnocení balistické odolnosti 10 mm plechů Hardox 450 (s tvrdostí 450 HB) proti dopadajícím střelám s olověnou výplní s vysokou dopadovou energií. Konkrétně bylo použito střelivo 338 Lapua Magnum s celoplášťovou a expanzivní střelou s dopadovou energií kolem 6500 J. Obě střely, byť byly vyrobeny z materiálů o tvrdosti nižší, než 200 HB, pronikly  plechy tl. 10 mm s přebytkem energie a vytvořily v plechu otvory o průměru mnohem větším, než je jejich ráže, tj. 8,6 mm. U celoplášťových střel Lock Base byl průměr otvoru okolo 12 mm, u expanzivních střel Scenar až 15 mm.  Podrobnosti jsou uvedeny v jiném článku.

Mechanismus proniku tlustostěnného plechu olověnou střelou je následující. Pokud na plech dopadá střela nadlimitní, vysoce nadzvukovou rychlostí a má tedy relativně vysokou dopadovou energii, dochází v první fázi po nárazu k deformaci měkké střely, která se zkracuje a nabývá na průměru. V důsledku vysoké dopadové energie střely však dochází k poškození povrchové vrstvy desky, i když má relativně vysokou tvrdost. K tomu přispívá tvar pláště střely s ostrou špičkou, která je poměrně kompaktní. Střela postupně vniká do hloubky desky, dále se deformuje a v přední části se rozkládá (zvětšuje průměr a zkracuje se, ubývá erodující a tříštící se materiál výplně střely - olovo). Současně dochází k erozi materiálu desky v místě vstupu a střelný kanál rovněž nabývá na průměru. Pokud je však dopadová energie střely vysoká, dochází při dosažení určité hloubky vniku zbytku střely do desky ke smykovému porušení zbývající vrstvy desky za vzniku masivní výtrže z desky. Za ní proniká deskou zbytek rozložené střely o přibližně stejném průměru. Střední průměr střelného kanálu je tak podstatně větší, než průměr dopadající střely (až dvojnásobně). Expanzivní střely tak paradoxně vzhledem ke své větší deformaci vytvořily průstřel o větším průměru ve srovnání se střelami celoplášťovými.

Střeleckými experimenty bylo tedy prokázáno, že pokud má střela dostatek energie při dopadu na plech určité tloušťky, dojde k probití plechu i v případě extrémně velkého rozdílu v tvrdosti a pevnosti materiálu střely a plechu (tvrdost plechu HARDOX 450 je výrazně vyšší, než tvrdost olova). O průbojné schopnosti střely tedy při vysokých dopadových energiích téměř vůbec nerozhoduje její konstrukce a jakékoliv diskuze o tvrdosti střely v tomto případě ztrácejí význam.

Aktualizováno Středa, 14 Prosinec 2011 11:46  

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